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A hacker is a person who uses their technical expertise to break into a computer system or network, especially if it benefits from being hacked. Hackers can also utilize the knowledge of programming languages and computer security techniques to create exploits capable of taking control of software, firmware, or hardware. Hackers are usually affiliated with a company that is developing software with known vulnerabilities. They will exploit those vulnerabilities for profit or notoriety, often creating zombie computers that will send spam and malware around the Internet as part of a Distributed Denial-of-Service Attack (DDoS). Hackers often work in small groups. Malware is a category of virus or worm that is designed to infect, steal sensitive data from, or disrupt computers, networks, or telecommunications facilities. Hackers may also use malware to enforce security policy on networks by restricting known malicious programs. Legitimate malware serves the needs of industry by protecting systems from damage that could be caused by malicious software. The emergence of botnets threatens the stability of Internet services and can also cause serious financial losses through network-based spamming attacks on websites. Some hackers are recruited by the U.S. Military for military or intelligence purposes, which often involves hacking into enemy computer systems to acquire information about rival forces. Other hackers work for private companies that sell information or malware that help to identify computer vulnerabilities. Both groups of hackers may perform illegal activity to gain profit from their findings. Commercial hacking includes hacking for profit as a service. Hackers may work as a team to find and exploit security vulnerabilities in order to sell those exploits or combine their resources through common interest in exploiting those vulnerabilities. In 1998, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) determined that Chinese hackers had infiltrated U.S. systems and stolen sensitive military and aerospace technologies related to satellite communications, avionics, and radar technology, as well as defense contractor Lockheed Martin's "black budget" files on classified projects. The FBI estimated that the annual losses from the hacking totaled US$300 million, while the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) estimated it at over US$1 billion. In 1999, members of LulzSec were arrested by the FBI in connection to attacks on Sony Pictures Entertainment, Fox Broadcasting Company, PBS, CNN and other companies. They are accused of hacking into government networks in an attempt to "publicize weaknesses in U.S. online security". According to a report by ABC News' Brian Ross, "LulzSec has allegedly tapped into private emails belonging to former Secretary of State Colin Powell and ex-CIA Director Michael Hayden. The group has also reportedly accessed unclassified networks belonging to the U.S. Air Force and NASA". In 2000, five members of the group LulzSec were arrested in the UK as part of Operation Raw Shark at a hotel in Suffolk. They had been accused of hacking into British defense and government systems as part of a "cyber-warfare campaign". In 2001, hackers were allegedly involved in an attack against the French telecommunications company Telecom Italia that resulted in $35 million loss for it. The attack, code named "Operation Aurora", was carried out by an Israeli team that included some Russian hackers that had joined them later on. cfa1e77820